Nearly 30 million prisoners passed through the Soviet Union's labor camps in their more than 60 years of operation. This remarkable volume, the first fully documented history of the gulag, describes how, largely under Stalin's watch, a regulated, centralized system of prison labor-unprecedented in scope-gradually arose out of the chaos of the Russian Revolution. Fueled by waves of capricious arrests, this prison labor came to underpin the Soviet economy. Applebaum, a former Warsaw correspondent for the Economist and a regular contributor to the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post, draws on newly accessible Soviet archives as well as scores of camp memoirs and interviews with survivors to trace the gulag's origins and expansion. By the gulag's peak years in the early 1950s, there were camps in every part of the country, and slave labor was used not only for mining and heavy industries but for producing every kind of consumer product (chairs, lamps, toys, those ubiquitous fur hats) and some of the country's most important science and engineering (Sergei Korolev, the architect of the Soviet space program, began his work in a special prison laboratory). Applebaum details camp life, including strategies for survival; the experiences of women and children in the camps; sexual relationships and marriages between prisoners; and rebellions, strikes and escapes. There is almost too much dark irony to bear in this tragic, gripping account. Applebaum's lucid prose and painstaking consideration of the competing theories about aspects of camp life and policy are always compelling. She includes an appendix in which she discusses the various ways of calculating how many died in the camps, and throughout the book she thoughtfully reflects on why the gulag does not loom as large in the Western imagination as, for instance, the Holocaust. Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information, Inc.
More than a full-scale history of the Soviet Gulag, this work by the Spectator's deputy editor asks why it is so little remembered in both Russia and the West. Copyright 2002 Reed Business Information, Inc.
在假新聞 ＆ 另類事實蔓延的後真相時代，哲學家出手的時刻到了！ 瑞典當代哲學家、瑞典科學院院士艾莎．威克福斯， 從哲學和心理學的觀點指出當代知識所遭遇的威脅， 並為讀者提供反擊所需的思想工具。 ☆★ 授出包括德國、挪威、芬蘭、韓國、丹麥等十國以上版權 ☆★ ☆★ 2019年自然與文化科普獎（ Natur & Kultur Popular Science Award）、艾福克斯知識獎（The ?Forsk Knowledge Prize）得獎作品 ☆★ //尖銳的衝突意見很容易使人不知所措，想要放棄對理性的信念以及找到真相的機會——這無疑正是後真相鼓吹者所樂見的發展。本書試圖抵消這種挫敗感，灌輸人們勇氣與信心。對抗偏頗和毫無根據，揭穿虛假並撥雲見日，最終找到有憑有據且清晰明確的真相是可能的。可信的來源和運作良好的知識機構確實存在——我們必須共同努力捍衛和支持它們。知識在歷史上曾多次面臨挑戰，不過它向來都是最終勝利的一方。畢竟，誠如哲學家亞里斯多德所言，人類是理性的動物。// ——艾莎．威克福斯，本書作者 知識是「建構」出來的嗎？ 有些事情對我來說是真的，就你看來卻是假的？ 真理是否具有客觀性？ ＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ 另類事實，Alternativa fakta /Alternative Facts，名詞。 意指對於事實的另一種描述，而這通常不是真的。 ＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ 在後真相時代，公眾輿論愈來愈由極端的情緒而非理性和證據決定，許多既有的客觀知識遭到抵制或被「相對化」，假新聞，另類事實和陰謀論氾濫成災……這不但會對公眾生活造成危險，也會侵蝕現行的民主機制，讓獨裁與民粹的幽靈有隙可趁。以上這些現象可說是這個時代最嚴峻的考驗，我們都有義務起身抵禦，助時代度過難關。 哲學教授艾莎．威克福斯從哲學和心理學的角度，分析了人類為什麼在某些狀況下會有抗拒真相和知識的傾向。人類知識的獨特與理性之處，在於知識是人類的共同創作，每個人都以自己的方式對這項分工做出貢獻；這讓我們能以其他物種做不到的方式收集知識，深廣度與複雜多元的程度也無可企及。但另一方面，基於不同的偏好，這世界上就是有我們不想接受的知識，我們只願意相信我們想相信的，這也是為什麼，人類很容易受到假新聞，謊言和宣傳等影響。我們如何增強對虛假和沒有根據的說法的免疫能力？我們如何更正錯誤？媒體應該扮演什麼角色，學校又可以做些什麼？本書透過新聞與政治方面的具體實例，為身處後真相時代的我們 ，提供思想上清楚可用的抵禦工具。
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From Publishers Weekly
Nearly 30 million prisoners passed through the Soviet Union's labor camps in their more than 60 years of operation. This remarkable volume, the first fully documented history of the gulag, describes how, largely under Stalin's watch, a regulated, centralized system of prison labor-unprecedented in scope-gradually arose out of the chaos of the Russian Revolution. Fueled by waves of capricious arrests, this prison labor came to underpin the Soviet economy. Applebaum, a former Warsaw correspondent for the Economist and a regular contributor to the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post, draws on newly accessible Soviet archives as well as scores of camp memoirs and interviews with survivors to trace the gulag's origins and expansion. By the gulag's peak years in the early 1950s, there were camps in every part of the country, and slave labor was used not only for mining and heavy industries but for producing every kind of consumer product (chairs, lamps, toys, those ubiquitous fur hats) and some of the country's most important science and engineering (Sergei Korolev, the architect of the Soviet space program, began his work in a special prison laboratory). Applebaum details camp life, including strategies for survival; the experiences of women and children in the camps; sexual relationships and marriages between prisoners; and rebellions, strikes and escapes. There is almost too much dark irony to bear in this tragic, gripping account. Applebaum's lucid prose and painstaking consideration of the competing theories about aspects of camp life and policy are always compelling. She includes an appendix in which she discusses the various ways of calculating how many died in the camps, and throughout the book she thoughtfully reflects on why the gulag does not loom as large in the Western imagination as, for instance, the Holocaust.
Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Library Journal
More than a full-scale history of the Soviet Gulag, this work by the Spectator's deputy editor asks why it is so little remembered in both Russia and the West.
Copyright 2002 Reed Business Information, Inc.